Natural Disasters Guide and Resources

Natural disasters can destroy property and even whole communities, and have lasting effects on lives and the environment. Effective preparedness and response strategies can help mitigate these effects and enable survivors to more quickly return to life as normal.

This article offers practical guidance on preparing for the most common natural disasters, increasing your safety during events, and managing their aftermath. This guide also contains resources and tools essential for reducing the disasters’ impact and aiding recovery efforts.

The Impact of Natural Disasters

In 2022, according to data from the Emergency Events Database EM-DAT, there were 387 natural hazards and disasters worldwide. These events led to the tragic loss of 30,704 lives and impacted the lives of 185 million people. Furthermore, these disasters amounted to approximately US$223.8 billion in economic loss.

The total number of disasters in 2022 slightly surpassed the average observed from 2002 to 2021, which stood at 370. However, the incidence of each specific type of disaster closely mirrored the average levels witnessed over the past two decades.

The death toll of 30,704 in 2022 marked a significant increase from 2021, but remained below the 2002-2021 average of 60,955 deaths. Notably, the latter figure was influenced by a handful of mega-disasters, such as the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, which accounted for a substantial portion of the casualties, with 222,570 deaths.

How to Prepare for Natural Disasters

While every event is different, you can follow some general tips to prepare for a natural disaster. We cover some important aspects below, but you should be aware of the kinds of events that happen in your area and in areas you travel to, and follow up with local services to understand your specific risks.

1. Stay Informed

a. Set up news and warning app alerts and monitor local conditions.
b. Research the types of disasters that might commonly occur in your area or where you will travel.

2. Create an Emergency Plan and Stock Up on Essential Supplies

a. Build an emergency kit containing essential items like medication, food, water, blankets, and fuel.
b. Identify evacuation routes and meeting places for your family, including pet plans.
c. Protect your home against potential damage during and after a disaster.
d. Establish communication plans, ensuring you have emergency numbers in your phone. Have children memorize their parents’ numbers and keep a list of important contacts.
e. Consider safety training in CPR, first aid, and other relevant skills.
f. Practice disaster drills tailored to the types of disasters prevalent in your region.
g. Safeguard important documents, either by using a fire-resistant safe or an alternative secure method.
h. Identify vulnerable community members and consider how you can support them during disasters.
i. Learn how to shut off utilities like gas, water, and electricity in an emergency.
j. Keep emergency cash on hand for immediate needs.
k. Stay calm and follow instructions from authorities.

These steps may vary based on the predominant natural disaster types in your area.

11 Types of Natural Disasters, Their Impact, and How to Respond

1. Extreme Heat

A heat wave is a prolonged period of higher-than-normal temperatures and humidity. These events are projected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change, posing risks such as heat-related illnesses, shock, and dehydration, and exacerbating chronic cardiovascular and respiratory conditions.

These emergencies can strain emergency services. Extreme heat also burdens:

• Water Resources. Water used for irrigation and cooling, as well as water in reservoirs, evaporates more quickly in extreme heat.
• Energy. Increased use of refrigerators and air conditioners can strain energy resources.
• Transportation. Transportation infrastructure can be damaged by extreme heat. For example, rail tracks can buckle, and black tarmac can melt or crack. At the same time, airplanes can struggle to take off, and vehicles break down more often.
• Agriculture. Extreme heat can cause crops to fail and livestock to die, impacting people’s livelihoods and food security.

Ultimately, extreme heat can lead to fatalities. For example, the deadly European heatwave of 2003 resulted in 35,000 fatalities. In 2022, heat waves caused over 16,000 excess deaths in Europe alone.

Emergency Response to Extreme Heat

• Stay Hydrated. Drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration, even if you don’t feel thirsty. Avoid alcoholic, caffeinated, and sugary drinks as they can act as diuretics, contributing to fluid loss.
• Stay Cool. Seek refuge in air-conditioned buildings whenever possible. If you’re outdoors, find shade, take frequent breaks, and avoid strenuous activities during the hottest parts of the day. Wear sunscreen and cool, appropriate clothing if outdoors.
• Watch for Signs of Hyperthermia. Symptoms include feeling dizzy, weak, nauseated, and headache. Muscle cramping, including abdominal cramps, and fainting may occur. At its worst, body temperature may spike uncontrollably and the body stops sweating. Hyperthermia can even be fatal.
• Do Not Leave Pets or Children in Vehicles. Temperatures can quickly rise to dangerous levels in parked vehicles that have been turned off. Leave the vehicle and air conditioning turned on during these conditions.
• Check on Vulnerable Individuals. Be particularly vigilant about the well-being of at-risk groups, such as the elderly, young children, and individuals with pre-existing medical conditions. Check on friends and neighbors, too.
• Stay Informed. Keep a close eye on weather forecasts and advisories. Knowing when to expect extreme heat can help you plan accordingly.

2. Earthquakes

Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of stresses created by shifting tectonic plates beneath the Earth’s surface. The seismic waves created in these events can be felt sometimes thousands of miles away. Major earthquakes can cause extensive damage to critical infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, roads, and communication towers.

Earthquakes vary in strength and are measured by their magnitude, with a higher magnitude leading to more shaking and damage. Lower-magnitude earthquakes may not even be felt, while higher-magnitude earthquakes may lead to widespread destruction.

The 2010 earthquake in Haiti left over 220,000 people dead and countless others injured and homeless.

Emergency Response to Earthquakes

• Watch for Warning Signs. Some earthquakes are foreshadowed by less powerful shaking. If you feel this early shaking, be ready to act quickly. Remain indoors if possible.
• If Outside. Remain in a safe area away from objects that could fall, including overpasses, powerlines, and trees. Get on your hands and knees, or at least seated, to reduce the risk of being knocked down.
• If Driving. Stop your vehicle safely away from objects that may fall, such as overpasses, signs, powerlines, rocks, etc.
• If Inside. Stay inside and drop on the ground, seek refuge beneath any substantial furniture, such as a table or desk, and hang on until the shaking stops. Cover your head and neck as best you can if there isn’t something substantial to hold onto. Cover yourself with blankets and pillows if unable to drop to the ground. Avoid windows, outside walls, and large objects that could fall.

3. Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones

Hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones are different names for the same weather phenomenon. They are called hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and northern and eastern Pacific Ocean; typhoons in the northwestern Pacific Ocean and north Indian Ocean; and cyclones in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific.

These are powerful weather phenomena characterized by intense winds, heavy rainfall, and storm-surge flooding. These characteristics can lead to rip currents, inland flooding, and tornadoes.

Hurricanes are categorized by their wind speeds and potential hazards:

• Category 1. Winds 74-95 mph. There is relatively minor damage, though winds at this speed are still hazardous. Falling debris and power outages are among the more severe dangers.
• Category 2. Winds 96-110 mph. Strong winds cause widespread damage, including broken windows and the uprooting of large trees.
• Category 3. Winds 111-129 mph. At these speeds, winds are hazardous. Damage can be extensive and include broken doors.
• Category 4. Winds 130-156 mph. Hazardous winds cause devastating damage, including to roofs and other infrastructure.
• Category 5. Winds over 156 mph. Category 5 hurricanes can cause catastrophic damage, including significant floods.

The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season (June–November) set a record as the most active, with 30 named storms. Typhoon Haiyan in 2013, one of the strongest storms ever recorded, caused immense destruction in the Philippines, leaving over 6,000 people dead.

Emergency Response to Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones

• Determine Your Evacuation Zone and Instructions. Find out if you’re in a hurricane evacuation area by contacting your local government or emergency management office, or checking their website and social media pages. Adhere to evacuation orders issued by authorities.
• Review Your Insurance Policies. Examine your insurance policies to ensure sufficient coverage for your home and personal belongings, especially in case of a disaster.
• Stay Indoors and Seek Refuge. Assuming you haven’t been told to evacuate, during the storm stay inside your home on the ground floor. Avoid windows to protect yourself from flying debris. If your area is prone to flooding, stay aware of rising water in case your ground floor should become unsafe.
• Avoid Flood Waters. If you are in an area affected by flooding, never drive or walk in moving water, as even a few inches can be deadly. Standing water can also be contaminated, so avoid contact.
• Flooding in the Home. If your home is at risk of flooding during a hurricane, have a plan for what to do. If it’s safe, you may need to evacuate. If evacuating isn’t safe, move to a higher floor — but avoid attics that don’t have a window or other way out. You could become trapped. Contact local officials and let them know your situation, but be aware that they may be unable to rescue you until it’s safe for them to do so.

4. Floods

A flood is a natural disaster during which water covers land that is usually dry. This could include swollen rivers, overflowing lakes, or pooled water. Heavy rain, snowmelt, storm surges, or dam/levee failures can all cause floods. It’s a common hazard, impacting small areas and entire regions.

Floods can lead to widespread destruction from strong currents that can sweep away vehicles and entire structures, and also from the excessive moisture they leave behind. Carpets, flooring, walls, furniture, and appliances can all begin to mold in as little as 24 hours after a flood and make buildings uninhabitable.

The 1931 China floods, considered one of the deadliest natural disasters in history, claimed the lives of approximately 3.7 million people.

Emergency Response to Floods

• Call for Help. In the event of flooding, contact emergency services immediately to report the situation and seek assistance. However, in the event of a wide-scale disaster, be aware that emergency services may be unable to send help quickly.
• Use Flood Protection Measures. Use flood protection measures such as sandbags, barriers, and brick covers. Secure any outdoor items such as lawn furniture, grills, and ornaments. Consider turning off gas and electricity in your home to prevent accidents during flooding.
• Evacuate as Necessary. Monitor local radio, television, or social media sources and heed the advice of local authorities. If they recommend evacuating to higher ground when flooding is imminent or underway, follow their guidance.
• Avoid Crossing Floodwaters. Never attempt to walk, swim, or drive across floodwaters, as they can be deeper and more treacherous than they appear.
• Avoid Flood Water Contact. Floodwater may be contaminated with hazardous substances. Avoid any contact with it to prevent illness or injury.

5. Wildfires

A wildfire, also called wildland fire, rural fire, or bushfire, is an uncontrolled fire often occurring in rural areas with lots of vegetation. Wildfires can reach 1200℉ and can cover vast expanses of land quickly, destroying trees, homes, wildlife, and people within their vicinity.

Often fueled by drought and extreme heat, wildfires can ravage ecosystems and communities by destroying homes and infrastructure. The Australian bushfires of 2019–2020 burned millions of acres, destroyed 3,500 homes, and killed nearly 3 billion animals and 34 people.

Emergency Response to Wildfires

• Follow Evacuation Orders. Before an emergency happens, reach out to your local fire department to ask about how to know when to evacuate. Once authorities begin issuing evacuation orders, you should leave as directed and follow the designated routes.
• Protect Yourself from Immediate Danger. If you perceive yourself to be in imminent danger, leave the area if it’s safe to do so. Take necessary steps to ensure your safety and the safety of your loved ones. Call emergency services and avoid smoke to the best of your ability.
• Protect Your Home. Before evacuating, if you have time, close all windows, doors, and vents to prevent embers from entering your house, but don’t make permanent adjustments that could cut off exit points or restrict re-entry. Relocate lightweight or easily combustible window coverings and furniture to the center of the home, away from windows and doors. Turn off natural gas, propane, and other fuels at their sources.
• Wear Protective Attire. Wear sturdy shoes, pants, gloves, and long-sleeved shirts made of tightly woven cotton, wool, or other natural fibers. Avoid synthetic materials; they can melt and cause severe burns. Carry wet towels to cover your head and a damp handkerchief to protect your face from fire and smoke.
• Remaining Home. If forced to remain home, choose an enclosed space to keep outside air and smoke at bay. If available, set up a portable air cleaner or filter and use a respirator and protective clothing to further shield yourself from smoke inhalation. You can use wet towels and linens around the cracks of doors to help.

If Trapped at Home

• Stay indoors, away from outside walls.
• Stay low to the ground to avoid smoke inhalation.
• Close doors, but leave them unlocked.
• Fill sinks and tubs with cold water.
• Contact emergency services and let them know you are trapped.

If Trapped While Traveling in a Vehicle

• If you can’t find shelter, stay in your vehicle; it will help protect you from flames and radiant heat
• Close the windows, doors, and air vents, and turn off the air conditioner and engine.
• Turn on your flashers and headlights to make your vehicle more visible in heavy smoke.
• If you can safely get away from danger, continue doing so cautiously, avoiding heavy smoke.
• If you cannot safely travel away from danger, park away from trees and bushes.
• Get on the vehicle’s floor, cover yourself with a coat or blanket, and wait until the fire has passed and the temperature has dropped.

If Trapped by Flames While Outside

• Seek an area free of vegetation.
• Seek a depression or ditch for cover.
• Lie face down and shield yourself from the heat with any available object.

Steps to Take following a Wildfire

• Do Not Return Home Prematurely. If away from your home, wait until officials declare it safe to return. Use caution when entering burned areas.
• Inspect Your Home. If significant damage has occurred, do not enter the structure. Leave immediately if you detect heat or smoke, and continuously check for sparks or smoke for several hours. Regularly inspect the roof and extinguish any sparks or embers.
• Manage Debris. Wet down debris to minimize dangerous dust particles. Remove any unstable, burned, or damaged trees.
• Practice Food Safety. Discard any food exposed to heat or smoke and avoid using contaminated water.
• Be Aware of Post-Wildfire Hazards. Be aware of potential post-wildfire hazards like floods and landslides.
• Limit Phone Calls. Avoid non-essential phone calls to keep emergency lines open.

6. Tsunamis

Among the most formidable natural forces, a tsunami consists of multiple sea waves triggered by a sudden and massive ocean disturbance. While most tsunamis originate from undersea earthquakes, they can also result from landslides, volcanic activity, specific weather conditions, and even celestial bodies like asteroids and comets.

Tsunami waves can move as fast as 450 miles/hour (700 km/hour), as fast as a jet aircraft, but are often just a few feet high in deep water, with wave crests separated by as much as hundreds of miles. As they enter the shallower water near shore, their wave height increases as their frequency decreases, quickly creating a wave of dangerous height and power.

Similar to floods, tsunamis can sweep away vehicles and structures. They can also submerge significant portions of land and thereby cause damage to critical infrastructure and put lives at risk.

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami resulted in over 230,000 fatalities across multiple countries.

Emergency Response to Tsunamis

• Respond Immediately. If you’re near the shore and experience an earthquake, hear a tsunami warning, or observe a rapid change in water level, move to higher ground following the designated escape routes. Be aware that the waterline may recede dramatically as the tsunami builds in strength — if you see the ocean recede unexpectedly, you may have only moments to find higher ground.
• Move to Higher Ground. Head inland immediately and aim for areas at least 100 feet (30 meters) above sea level. If possible, you should move as far as 2 miles (3 kilometers) inland. If you are unable to reach these points, simply go as high or as far as possible.
• Stay Away from the Beach. Stay as far away from shorelines as possible and never go to the beach to watch the tsunami. If you are close enough to see the tsunami, you may be too close to escape the wave.
• During an Earthquake. If an earthquake strikes along with the tsunami, follow the “Drop, Cover, and Hold On” protocol to protect yourself from falling objects and structural damage. As soon as it’s safe to do so, move to higher ground following the authorized routes.
• Stay Away from Water. Avoid entering the water and steer clear of beaches and waterways, as tsunami waves can surge rapidly.
• Help Neighbors. Assist neighbors with special needs, such as infants, elderly individuals, or those with access or functional needs.
• Obey Authorized Routes. If you live in or visit a coastal community, be aware of authorized evacuation routes. In the event of an emergency, stick to these routes and avoid low-lying areas most vulnerable to tsunami inundation.
• Wait for Authorities. Only return to the affected area after authorities declare it safe. Tsunamis can come in multiple waves, known as a wave train, so that the area may remain hazardous even after the initial surge.

7. Tornadoes

A tornado is a violently spinning column of air making contact with the ground. Earth’s most ferocious storms, tornadoes are created by intense thunderstorms and are capable of causing fatalities and near-instant devastation to neighborhoods and communities.

Because of their extremely high winds, tornadoes can uproot large trees and damage infrastructure such as power lines and even major buildings, impeding rescue and recovery efforts.

Tornadoes are classified using the Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale, ranging from EF0 (weakest) to EF5 (strongest). Their strength is determined by the damage they can cause.

The 2011 Joplin tornado in Missouri caused 161 deaths and left a path of destruction that ravaged homes and businesses.

Emergency Response to Tornadoes

• Know Where to Shelter in Your Home. This should be in an interior area of your home’s lowest level, away from windows and doors. If your home doesn’t have a basement, then a first-floor bathroom or closet is your next-best option.
• Plan Accordingly during a Tornado Watch. If a tornado watch is issued, remain alert and make decisions that keep you out of weather conditions that may become severe.
• Report Distant Tornadoes. If you spot a distant tornado, contact emergency services to provide essential information for issuing proper alerts.
• Take Immediate Action. In the event of a tornado warning, seek shelter without delay. If shelter isn’t close, move to the lowest-lying area, such as a ditch, and lie flat while protecting your head and neck.
• Avoid Seeking Refuge under Trees. If you’re in a vehicle and can’t reach shelter, exit the vehicle and find a low-lying area like a ditch to lie flat in.

8. Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanoes erupt when molten rock, called magma, rises from deep within the earth and fills a void, known as a magma chamber, in the rocky crust. Magma that continues to rise can cause pressure to build up in the magma chamber until it erupts in an ejection of hazardous gasses, ash, molten lava, and rocks.

Volcanic eruptions can trigger additional disasters, including floods, mudslides, power disruptions, water contamination, and wildfires. They can also lead to ashfall, lava flows, and pyroclastic flows — a dangerous current of gas and volcanic matter that can travel up to 435 miles/hour (700 km/h). Warning signs of volcanic eruptions include frequent earthquakes, smoke or gas from the volcano, and ground swelling.

These eruptions can lead to widespread damage and loss of life. The lava flows and mudslides can destroy infrastructure, and hazardous gasses pose a risk to nearby populations.

The eruption of Tambora in 1815 is regarded as the most powerful recorded volcanic eruption. This eruption led to widespread damage and emitted enough ash to lead to severe weather events worldwide.

Emergency Response to Volcanic Eruptions

• Follow Evacuation Orders. If authorities issue an evacuation order for areas near an active volcano, follow it meticulously. These orders may involve precise routing and staggered evacuations, so pay attention to instructions regarding timing.
• Immediate Danger. If you find yourself in the path of either a lava flow or pyroclastic flow, move immediately to safety. The average speed of a pyroclastic flow is about 62 miles/hour, but they can reach speeds of 435 miles/hour and travel as far as 62 miles.
• Seek Shelter from Ash and Smoke. If not in danger from lava, seek shelter from volcanic ash indoors. Close windows and doors and turn off heating and air conditioning systems to prevent volcanic ash from infiltrating your living space. Use damp towels to block openings under doors and around windows.
• Protect Animals. Bring outdoor animals indoors to shield them from ashfall.
• Wear Protective Gear. Wear protective gear, including masks, goggles, and clothing, to guard against ash inhalation and skin irritation.
• Practice Outdoor Safety. If you’re outdoors during an eruption, seek shelter indoors or move to higher ground away from the volcano to reduce ash exposure. Stay out of designated restricted zones. Shield yourself from ash inhalation using protective gear.
• Irritation. If you experience respiratory irritation from smoke or volcanic gasses, promptly relocate to another safe location. If symptoms persist even when you’ve moved away from gas or fumes, call a doctor.

9. Droughts

Drought is a gradual disaster marked by a prolonged period of insufficient precipitation, causing water scarcity. It significantly affects health, agriculture, economies, energy, and the environment by depleting valuable food and water resources. Climate change is making droughts both more frequent and severe.

Droughts become more dangerous as they grow longer and further deplete food and water supplies. They can force populations to migrate to find more livable conditions or to fight for remaining resources.

The Sahel drought in Africa during the 1970s and 1980s led to widespread famine that caused the death of thousands and impacted the entire local population.

Drought Management and Preparedness

Water Conservation and Storage

• Reduce water usage by fixing leaks and installing water-saving fixtures.
• Collect rainwater during a non-drought period for non-potable uses like watering plants.
• Water plants in the early morning or late evening to minimize evaporation.

Landscape Management

• Choose drought-resistant plants and grasses for landscaping.
• Use mulch to retain soil moisture.
• Consider replacing grass and plants with drought-tolerant alternatives.
• Consider installing energy- and water-efficient appliances.

Home Water Efficiency

• Install low-flow toilets, faucets, and showerheads.
• Use a broom or leaf blower instead of a hose to clean driveways and sidewalks.

Monitor Water Usage

• Regularly check your water meter for unusual consumption patterns.

Develop a Drought Plan

• Create a drought contingency plan for your household or business.
• This plan should outline specific steps to manage water use during drought conditions and identify alternative water sources.
• For guidance on how to develop a comprehensive drought contingency plan, refer to resources such as the EPA’s Drought Response and Recovery Guide for Water Utilities.

Financial Preparedness

• Prepare financially for potential increased water costs during droughts.
• Review insurance policies to ensure they cover drought-related damage.

Emergency Response to Droughts

• Implement your drought contingency plan.
• Ration any water or resources you’ve stored and monitor use.
• Avoid unnecessary water uses, such as watering plants.
• Clear dry vegetation, leaves, and debris away from your home or other buildings.
• Help vulnerable populations respond to the drought.
• Recycle what you can safely.
• For additional water conservation strategies during a drought, consider these practices recommended by the Massachusetts Government: fixing leaks promptly, taking shorter showers, choosing efficient fixtures, and choosing drought-resistant plants for your garden.

10. Avalanches and Landslides

Avalanches and landslides are similar but distinct phenomena. An avalanche is the rapid movement of snow down a mountainside, often triggered by heavy snowfall or human activity. A landslide is the movement of masses of rock, earth, vegetation, and other debris down a slope, typically caused by rainfall, erosion, deforestation, or mining.

Avalanches and landslides can destroy or bury entire structures in their path. People can quickly become trapped under the resulting snow or earth. Effects include uprooted trees, soil degradation, buried structures, damaged crops and roads, and harm to humans and animals who may find themselves in the path of falling rocks, earth, or snow.

The 2010 avalanche in northern Pakistan was one of the deadliest on record. This disaster was triggered by a significant amount of snowfall and led to the deaths of more than 140 people.

Emergency Response to Avalanches

• Monitor Weather Forecasts. Stay informed through weather forecasts and warnings during heavy storms, rainfall, or snowfall.
• Watch for Warning Signs. Before traveling into avalanche territory, be aware of recent snowfall, strong winds, or a rapid temperature rise. If you’re in an area where an avalanche is possible, watch for signs of unstable snow (including recent avalanches and cracks in the snowpack) and listen for “whumping” sounds that indicate packed snow is moving.
• Travel with Safety Equipment. If you’re traveling to an area that is prone to avalanches, bring a phone that has service in the area, as well as an avalanche transceiver (beacon), probe, and shovel. The transceiver can help people find you should you become trapped under snow. The probe and shovel can help you rescue others.
• Travel with Others. If you’re venturing into areas where avalanches are possible, be sure to travel with others. Should the worst happen, you can help each other, or call for emergency rescue.
• Plan Your Route. In many areas, local communities work to limit the risk of avalanches. However, if you’re traveling away from populated areas, plan your route carefully. Avoid steep terrain, especially with fresh or wind-loaded snow.
• If Downslope from an Avalanche. If you’re caught downslope from an avalanche, move quickly perpendicular to the movement of the snow. You likely won’t be able to outrace the falling snow, which can reach speeds of 200 mp/h (320km/h), but you may be able to reach its edge.

Emergency Response to Landslides

• Familiarize Yourself with Local Warnings. If traveling to an area where landslides are prevalent, familiarize yourself with the local warning systems, as well as the warning signs of a possible landslide. These include heavy rain or snowfall, heavy snow melt, bulging or cracked slopes, and leaning trees and utility poles.
• Avoid High-Risk Areas. If you suspect a landslide is possible, or if local authorities have warned of the risk, avoiding the area is the best policy.
• Evacuate as Directed. If directed by authorities, evacuate along designated routes. If you are in imminent danger, leave the area immediately.
• Practice Caution after a Landslide. Landslides can damage infrastructure, including buildings, overpasses, and dams. Wait for authorities to signal that an area is safe to return to, and even then exercise caution.

11. Severe Winter Weather

Winter weather can include snow, ice, dangerously cold temperatures, and blizzards (severe snowstorms with winds of at least 35 mph and visibility less than 440 yards, with conditions lasting for at least three hours).

Even outside of blizzards, snow and ice can accumulate quickly, leading to dangerous conditions such as slick or impassable roads and downed power lines. Cold temperatures can lead to hypothermia, frostbite, and death.

The 1993 blizzard in the United States is among the most severe ever recorded. That storm resulted in the death of more than 300 people with snow accumulations of several feet in many areas.

Emergency Response to Severe Winter Weather

Avoid Carbon Monoxide Emissions

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas emitted by many furnaces, heaters, and vehicles. In the body’s red blood cells, carbon monoxide displaces oxygen and prevents it from being released into muscles and organs. This can lead to tissue damage and cause headaches, nausea, confusion, unconsciousness, and even death.

In winter weather, and especially in power outages caused by winter weather, many people resort to heaters and stoves that emit carbon monoxide. These appliances should be properly ventilated, and equipment meant for outdoor use, such as charcoal or gas grills, should not be used indoors.

Ensure that carbon monoxide detectors are installed and functioning in your home. This is crucial, especially in winter when heating systems are in use. Install additional carbon monoxide alarms in sleeping areas and test them regularly to ensure they are working properly.

Prepare Your Home

Insulate your home to keep the warmth in and the cold out. Use weather stripping, caulking, and insulation to seal leaks and prevent drafts. Learn how to keep pipes from freezing and how to test smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors with battery backups.

Prepare for Power Outages

Be ready for power outages caused by downed power lines or damaged equipment and infrastructure. Have a stash of candles for nighttime lighting, keep some batteries on hand for flashlights and other electronics, and keep your phones charged.

In the event of a sustained power outage, you can cook on a charcoal or gas grill, but do not use them indoors. They produce lethal amounts of carbon monoxide.

Freeze water containers outside and place them in your fridge to keep food fresh during power outages.

Safe Driving

Avoid driving on snow-covered roads whenever possible. If travel is necessary, exercise extreme caution on snowy roads and be prepared for potential road closures due to unsafe conditions. Leave plenty of room between your vehicle and the vehicle in front of you, and be aware of the road’s shoulder and your ability to use it if you cannot stop your vehicle.

If vehicles behind you are traveling too closely, simply pull over as soon as it’s safe and allow them to pass.

If you drive a manual vehicle, you can shift down to use the engine to help slow your vehicle when conditions are less than ideal. Automatic transmissions can also be driven in lower gears for better traction — be sure to read your owner’s manual for your vehicle’s specific traction features.

Be aware that icy roads are unsafe even for 4-wheel drive vehicles. Depending on your local laws and weather, you may be able to attach chains to your tires to give your vehicle more traction. But even chains lack traction on ice hardened by extreme temperatures.

If you’re trapped in your vehicle in deep snow, ensure your tailpipe remains clear before running the engine to generate heat. This prevents carbon monoxide buildup.

Recognize Hypothermia and Frostbite

Learn the signs of hypothermia and frostbite and understand basic first-aid measures for these cold-related conditions. Symptoms include:

• Hypothermia. Symptoms of hypothermia include shivering, slurred speech or mumbling, shallow breathing, a weakened pulse, lack of coordination, drowsiness, and confusion. Severe cases can lead to unconsciousness and death.
• Frostbite. Symptoms of frostbite include numb or pale skin, the sensations of pins and needles or lack of sensation at all, a sense of burning skin, discoloration, and blistering. Frostbite occurs when living tissue freezes, damaging or even killing it.

Pet Care

Keep your pets and animals warm and safe during severe winter weather. While many pets have their own coat, if they spend the majority of their time indoors then they aren’t acclimated to winter weather. Provide animals with warm shelter, water that isn’t frozen, and extra food.

Recovery and Rebuilding after a Disaster

Some of the most important steps to take in recovering from a disaster happen before disaster strikes. Be sure to prepare for the situations you might face in your area by stocking up on the appropriate supplies like canned food, bottled water, and batteries.

In the aftermath of a disaster, taking swift and informed action is key to ensuring your safety and beginning the recovery and rebuilding process. You can take these steps to help recover immediately after a disaster.

1. Ensure Safety First

Before acting post-disaster, assess your environment for hazards like downed power lines or leaking gas. If you or anyone else are injured, seek emergency services. But don’t move anyone suffering from a serious injury (especially to the neck or back).

2. Stay Up to Date

Access real-time local updates from authorities and news outlets for information on shelter, medical aid, and emergency services.

3. Verify Safe Departure

Confirm leaving your area is safe by checking for official orders from authorities. Follow instructions about how and when to leave to avoid further danger.

4. Seek a Temporary Shelter

If your home is unsafe, find emergency shelter or stay with family or friends who are out of harm’s way. Local authorities and emergency response agencies can provide information about shelters.

5. Connect with Loved Ones

Inform family and friends about your safety and location. If any family member is missing, reach out to first responders.

6. Document Damage and Loss

Record all damage to property and belongings with detailed photos and written descriptions for future insurance claims.

7. Contact Your Insurance Company

Promptly initiate the claims process with your insurer, providing all necessary documentation of damage. It’s also important to save any receipts from aid you’ve paid for, like shelter or meals, as some insurers may reimburse you for them.

8. Begin Cleanup and Recovery

Start the cleanup process by safely removing debris, making essential repairs to your property, and salvaging your possessions where possible.

9. Access Support Services

Use disaster assistance programs and services offered by relief organizations and government agencies for recovery help. This may help you acquire financial assistance, temporary housing, or other resources.

The Role of Technology in Disaster Management

Technology plays a critical role in enhancing disaster management through improved forecasting, real-time response coordination, and efficient recovery processes. By leveraging tools like computer simulation, satellite imagery, and geographic information systems (GIS), we can better predict, track, and respond to disasters.

AI and big data analytics aid in anticipating disaster impacts, while smart early warning systems and mobile apps ensure timely alerts and information dissemination. Remote sensing technologies, including satellites and drones, are crucial for assessing damage and coordinating aid, making recovery efforts more effective.

7 Must-Have Devices for Disaster Preparedness

1. Waterproof Smartphone

A smartphone with an IP68 rating is crucial for communication during disasters. If your phone lacks water resistance, keep it in a waterproof container.

2. Portable Battery Booster (Power Bank)

A charged power bank should be a staple in your emergency kit, offering additional battery life for your devices during power outages.

3. Car Charger

Use a car charger to maintain your devices’ battery levels during outages, and remember to disconnect it when not in use to conserve your car’s battery life.

4. Power Inverter

A power inverter, such as the Duracell 800-watt model, can provide an alternative power source from your car, allowing you to power multiple devices.

5. Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Alarms

Install smoke and carbon monoxide alarms throughout your home to alert you to dangers, ensuring they are battery-operated for reliability during power losses.

6. Battery-Based Generators

For an indoor-safe power option, a battery-based generator can power essential devices and doesn’t emit harmful fumes, making it suitable for use inside the home.

7. Hand-Crank and Solar-Powered Radio

A multi-function radio equipped with hand-crank and solar charging capabilities not only provides emergency alerts but can also charge other devices.

Additional Resources

Natural Disaster Guides

1. 7 steps to a Disaster Resilient Workplace. This guide outlines steps for businesses to prepare for and respond to disasters, focusing on earthquakes. It covers hazard identification, workplace security, business continuity plans, disaster supplies, financial safeguards, and safety improvements.

2. Be Red Cross Ready. This initiative by the American Red Cross simplifies emergency preparedness into three key steps: Get a Kit, Make a Plan, and Be Informed. It covers disaster readiness, offering tailored advice for different groups like children, people with disabilities, older adults, and pet owners. Its information is applicable in homes, schools, and workplaces.

3. Disaster Preparedness Guides for Persons with Disabilities. These guides from the United Nations focus on disaster preparedness for people with various disabilities, offering instructions for natural hazards like cyclones, earthquakes, and tsunamis. It also includes audio stories for persons with visual impairments.

4. Emergency Preparedness at School. This guide discusses strategies to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies in school settings. It emphasizes risk assessment and taking necessary precautions based on the school’s location.

5. Emergency Wound Care. The article provides guidance on wound care after natural disasters when medical attention isn’t immediately available. It highlights situations requiring urgent medical attention and offers practical advice.

6. Federal Alliance for Safe Homes. This website provides resources and information on building disaster-resistant structures. It focuses on construction practices, preparedness tips, and educational materials for homeowners, builders, and communities, including a hurricane-specific guide.

7. Free Disaster Preparedness Checklists. This article from SafetyCulture provides disaster preparedness checklists and kits for businesses, including insights into the best items to include in a preparedness kit and kit maintenance.

8. Get Prepared. Get Prepared is part of Canada’s “72 Hours… Is Your Family Prepared?” campaign, providing detailed information on preparing for various emergencies, from natural disasters to security threats. The site has attracted millions of visitors, contributing significantly to the campaign’s success in promoting emergency preparedness.

9. Global Disaster Preparedness Center. The Global Disaster Preparedness Center (GDPC) supports Red Cross and Red Crescent societies in disaster management, offering guides and emphasizing emergency preparedness for individuals, businesses, and communities. It focuses on sharing information, technical assistance, and fostering community resilience.

10. Habitat Ready: Disaster preparedness for homeowners. Habitat for Humanity’s guide focuses on disaster preparedness for homeowners, including creating family preparedness plans, disaster supply kits, communication plans, and evacuation plans. It also addresses the needs of people with disabilities and the importance of preparing pets for disasters.

11. Natural Disasters and Severe Weather. The CDC’s website features a Natural Disasters and Severe Weather section. It includes tools, checklists, and strategies for individuals, families, and communities to enhance readiness and resilience, along with a resource list and toolkits.

12. Older Adults and Disasters. This paper from the American Psychological Association discusses the vulnerabilities of older adults in disasters, offering strategies for emotional support and preparedness. It includes a checklist and directs readers to additional online resources.

13. Pet disaster preparedness. This article from The Humane Society offers guidance for pet owners on emergency and disaster preparedness. It includes advice on evacuation, creating a safe home space, and dealing with specific situations like wildfires, alongside resources for various types of animals.

14. Prepared BC emergency guides and resources. This Government of British Columbia website features a list of resources to help you prepare for emergencies, including downloadable guides and plans in multiple languages.

15. Preparing for Emergencies. This guide offers tips for safeguarding individuals with Alzheimer’s and dementia during disasters. It includes advice on emergency kits, response services, and specific considerations for extreme weather and evacuation.

16. Ready. Ready is a U.S. public service campaign launched in 2003 to educate and empower Americans in emergency preparedness. It covers topics like flooding, winter weather, care for older adults, building emergency kits, family communication plans, using the FEMA Mobile App, and receiving emergency alerts.

17. Teen Prep Kit. The GDPC’s Teen Prep Kit is designed to help teachers educate students about disasters and emergencies. It includes age-appropriate activities and lessons to develop critical skills like problem-solving, teamwork, and leadership in response to emergencies.

Resources for Financial, Legal, or Psychological Assistance

18. 211. A comprehensive resource providing confidential assistance 24/7 for basic needs like housing, food, transportation, and healthcare. It connects individuals with local support services.

19. Coping After Disaster. This article from the American Psychiatric Association guides adults to cope with distress after disasters and supports children in dealing with trauma. It offers self-care tips and emphasizes the importance of professional help if needed.

20. Benefits.gov. This is the official U.S. government site for accessing various benefit programs, including disaster relief. It serves as a technology-driven solution for citizens to easily find benefits information.

21. Community Legal Services. This service offers free legal assistance to disaster-affected individuals, helping them access aid and navigate post-disaster challenges. It focuses on safety, medical assistance, shelter, property damage assessment, and protection against scams.

22. DisasterAssistance.gov. Managed by FEMA, this platform offers various forms of disaster assistance, including online applications, status updates, and resources for preparedness and recovery.

23. Disaster Distress Helpline. The Disaster Distress Helpline offers 24/7 crisis support for individuals experiencing emotional distress related to disasters. It provides counseling and emotional support services.

24. Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA is a U.S. government agency that coordinates responses to disasters, offering preparedness, response coordination, recovery assistance, and risk mitigation. It provides funds for housing, repairs, and other disaster-related expenses.

25. The U.S. Small Business Administration. The SBA provides low-interest disaster loans to help businesses, homeowners, renters, and nonprofits recover from disasters. It supports small businesses starting, growing, expanding, or recovering after disasters.

Natural Disaster Preparedness Apps

26. Disaster Alert. This app provides a map with active or impending natural disasters. It also offers warning tools and aids with decision-making during and after a disaster.

27. Emergency: Severe Weather App. This all-hazard app from the Red Cross provides guides and customizable alerts for disaster preparedness. It’s available for both Android and iOS, offering regional disaster alerts and shelter information.

28. FEMA. FEMA provides information on over 20 types of emergencies, offers links to key numbers like 911 and FEMA departments, and provides post-flood instructions for filing insurance claims.

29. ICE Medical Standard. The ICE Medical Standard app allows users to display their emergency medical contact information on their smartphone’s lock screen. This helps first responders and medical staff access vital information quickly in emergencies.

30. MyShake. MyShake provides earthquake science information and data from recent seismic events. Using phone sensors, it can measure earthquake impact. It also offers safety graphics for preparation and response.

31. Smoke Sense. This is a citizen science project that helps users understand the health effects of smoke and provides tips for smoke protection. It provides relevant information with data from the user’s phone and is best used in conjunction with other air quality apps.

32. Weather Underground. Weather Underground is a hyperlocal weather forecast app that provides interactive maps, radar, satellite imagery, and severe weather alerts. It also offers preparedness guides for weather-related disasters.

33. Zello. This functions as a walkie-talkie app for communication. It enables quick and cheap connections for emergency responders and community groups. To function properly, it does require internet access.

Other Online Tools and Alerts

34. AccuWeather. AccuWeather is known for its accurate weather forecasts and warnings, focusing on the impact of weather on people and businesses globally.

35. Earthquake Notification Service. The ENS offers customized earthquake alerts through automated emails or texts. Users can tailor their notifications by magnitude, location, and timing, ensuring they are informed about seismic activity in their area.

36. Google Maps. Along with similar mapping systems, this service contains up-to-date information that can be useful for evacuation. Many systems also offer features that can be used even when service is down.

37. National Weather Service. This site provides real-time alerts, weather forecasts, and safety guidelines for weather-related threats. Its color-coded map updates live every five minutes, offering nationwide alerts.

Conclusion: Be Prepared and Act Now

This guide has covered the vital aspects of natural disasters, emphasizing the need for preparedness. Natural calamities spare no one and can wreak havoc on lives and communities. However, being prepared can significantly reduce their impact and can save lives.